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KAA-Lecture 1- Cell structure and function 8_13.pdf Flashcards
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KAA-Lecture 1- Cell structure and function 8_13.pdf Flashcards
KAA-Lecture 1- Cell structure and function 8_13.pdf Flashcards
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What are the major components of a cell?
Nucleus, Nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, Cell membrane, Lysosome, Microtubule, Mitochondria, Ribosome, Vacuole, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Cytoplasm.
What are cells organized into?
Cells are organized into tissues, which are then organized into organs, organ systems, and ultimately organisms.
What is cellular differentiation?
Cellular differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.
What are tissues comprised of?
Tissues are comprised of highly specialized cells that perform specific functions for that organ.
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane acts as a selective barrier that enables cells to concentrate nutrients, retain synthesized products, and excrete waste products.
What is the composition of the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that contains cholesterol and carbohydrates, in addition to phospholipids and proteins.
What are the characteristics of phospholipids?
Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules consisting of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
What percentage of the cell membrane is made up of lipids?
75% are phospholipids, 20% cholesterol, and 5% glycolipids.
What are the major components of the phospholipid bilayer?
The major components include hydrophilic head, linked to glycerol via a phosphate group, and two long nonpolar hydrocarbon tails originating from fatty acids.
What are the four major phospholipids found in the cell membrane?
Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidylcholine, and Sphingomyelin.
What is the function of glycolipids in the cell membrane?
Glycolipids play important roles in cell recognition and are antigenic determinants of ABO blood groups.
What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
Cholesterol maintains structural integrity and regulates fluidity, making the cell membrane more rigid and less permeable.
What is the function of membrane proteins?
Membrane proteins transport specific molecules across the cell membrane and enable the cell to receive and respond to stimuli.
What is cystic fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease associated with dysfunctional or too few CFTR membrane proteins, leading to thick mucus buildup causing chronic lung infections.
What is the role of the nucleus?
The nucleus is the most prominent organelle, responsible for information storage in the form of DNA.
What composes the nuclear envelope?
The nuclear envelope is composed of two lipid bilayers, the inner nuclear membrane (INM) and the outer nuclear membrane (ONM).
What is the function of the nucleolus?
The nucleolus is a dense structure inside the nucleus composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.
What is progeria?
Progeria is a rare fatal childhood disease characterized by premature aging of the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems associated with a mutation in the nuclear lamina gene Lamin A.
What are mitochondria known for?
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for energy production through aerobic respiration.
What is the TCA cycle?
The TCA cycle, or Tricarboxylic Acid cycle, is involved in cellular metabolism and is found in the matrix of mitochondria.
What are lysosomes?
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes, providing an acidic environment for degradation of worn-out organelles.
What are lysosomal storage diseases?
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are autosomal recessive diseases caused by defects in lysosomal enzymes that lead to abnormal accumulation of substances.
What is the role of peroxisomes?
Peroxisomes are small membrane-bound vesicles that provide a contained environment for oxidative reactions and the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membrane-bound system of interconnected sacs and tubes involved in the synthesis of new membranes and secretory proteins.
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the major site of synthesis of new membrane and serves as a repository of intracellular calcium.
What is the unfolded protein response (UPR)?
The unfolded protein response is a quality control mechanism for newly synthesized secretory proteins, shutting down protein synthesis if proteins do not fold properly.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery within the cell.
What is the orientation of the Trans face of transport vesicles?
The Trans face is oriented toward the plasma membrane.
What are the three main functions of transport vesicles?
1. Protein Modification: Modifies new proteins destined for lysosomes, secretion, and plasma membrane. 2. Protein Packaging: Packages enzymes for lysosomes and proteins for secretion. 3. Protein Sorting: Sorts all materials for lysosomes, secretion, and incorporation into the plasma membrane.
What is the rare inherited condition characterized by defective physical growth and intellectual disabilities related to the Golgi apparatus?
The condition is known as I-cell disease.
