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KAA-Lecture 1- Cell structure and function 8_13.pdf Flashcards
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KAA-Lecture 1- Cell structure and function 8_13.pdf Flashcards
KAA-Lecture 1- Cell structure and function 8_13.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What are the major components of a cell?
Answer
Nucleus, Nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, Cell membrane, Lysosome, Microtubule, Mitochondria, Ribosome, Vacuole, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Cytoplasm.
2
Question
What are cells organized into?
Answer
Cells are organized into tissues, which are then organized into organs, organ systems, and ultimately organisms.
3
Question
What is cellular differentiation?
Answer
Cellular differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.
4
Question
What are tissues comprised of?
Answer
Tissues are comprised of highly specialized cells that perform specific functions for that organ.
5
Question
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Answer
The plasma membrane acts as a selective barrier that enables cells to concentrate nutrients, retain synthesized products, and excrete waste products.
6
Question
What is the composition of the plasma membrane?
Answer
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that contains cholesterol and carbohydrates, in addition to phospholipids and proteins.
7
Question
What are the characteristics of phospholipids?
Answer
Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules consisting of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
8
Question
What percentage of the cell membrane is made up of lipids?
Answer
75% are phospholipids, 20% cholesterol, and 5% glycolipids.
9
Question
What are the major components of the phospholipid bilayer?
Answer
The major components include hydrophilic head, linked to glycerol via a phosphate group, and two long nonpolar hydrocarbon tails originating from fatty acids.
10
Question
What are the four major phospholipids found in the cell membrane?
Answer
Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidylcholine, and Sphingomyelin.
11
Question
What is the function of glycolipids in the cell membrane?
Answer
Glycolipids play important roles in cell recognition and are antigenic determinants of ABO blood groups.
12
Question
What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
Answer
Cholesterol maintains structural integrity and regulates fluidity, making the cell membrane more rigid and less permeable.
13
Question
What is the function of membrane proteins?
Answer
Membrane proteins transport specific molecules across the cell membrane and enable the cell to receive and respond to stimuli.
14
Question
What is cystic fibrosis?
Answer
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease associated with dysfunctional or too few CFTR membrane proteins, leading to thick mucus buildup causing chronic lung infections.
15
Question
What is the role of the nucleus?
Answer
The nucleus is the most prominent organelle, responsible for information storage in the form of DNA.
16
Question
What composes the nuclear envelope?
Answer
The nuclear envelope is composed of two lipid bilayers, the inner nuclear membrane (INM) and the outer nuclear membrane (ONM).
17
Question
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Answer
The nucleolus is a dense structure inside the nucleus composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.
18
Question
What is progeria?
Answer
Progeria is a rare fatal childhood disease characterized by premature aging of the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems associated with a mutation in the nuclear lamina gene Lamin A.
19
Question
What are mitochondria known for?
Answer
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for energy production through aerobic respiration.
20
Question
What is the TCA cycle?
Answer
The TCA cycle, or Tricarboxylic Acid cycle, is involved in cellular metabolism and is found in the matrix of mitochondria.
21
Question
What are lysosomes?
Answer
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes, providing an acidic environment for degradation of worn-out organelles.
22
Question
What are lysosomal storage diseases?
Answer
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are autosomal recessive diseases caused by defects in lysosomal enzymes that lead to abnormal accumulation of substances.
23
Question
What is the role of peroxisomes?
Answer
Peroxisomes are small membrane-bound vesicles that provide a contained environment for oxidative reactions and the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids.
24
Question
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Answer
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membrane-bound system of interconnected sacs and tubes involved in the synthesis of new membranes and secretory proteins.
25
Question
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Answer
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the major site of synthesis of new membrane and serves as a repository of intracellular calcium.
26
Question
What is the unfolded protein response (UPR)?
Answer
The unfolded protein response is a quality control mechanism for newly synthesized secretory proteins, shutting down protein synthesis if proteins do not fold properly.
27
Question
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Answer
The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery within the cell.
28
Question
What is the orientation of the Trans face of transport vesicles?
Answer
The Trans face is oriented toward the plasma membrane.
29
Question
What are the three main functions of transport vesicles?
Answer
1. Protein Modification: Modifies new proteins destined for lysosomes, secretion, and plasma membrane. 2. Protein Packaging: Packages enzymes for lysosomes and proteins for secretion. 3. Protein Sorting: Sorts all materials for lysosomes, secretion, and incorporation into the plasma membrane.
30
Question
What is the rare inherited condition characterized by defective physical growth and intellectual disabilities related to the Golgi apparatus?
Answer
The condition is known as I-cell disease.