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Surveying Concepts and Definitions
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Surveying Concepts and Definitions
Surveying Concepts and Definitions
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Surveying is the art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth's surface by means of measurements in the 3 elements of space namely, distance, direction, and elevation.
–Rayner And Schmidt
Surveying is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, measuring angles between lines, determining the direction of lines, and establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements.
–Davis ,Foote , Anderson , And Mikhail
Surveying is the art of making measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth so that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.
–Clarke
Surveying is that branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of determining the area of any portion of the earth's surface, the length and directions of the boundary lines, the contour of the surface, and of accurately delineating the whole in paper.
–Webster
Surveying is the science or art of making such measurements as are necessary to determine the relative position of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or to establish such points.
–Breed , Hosmer and Bone
Surveying is the science and art of determining relative positions of points above , on or beneath the surface of the earth , or establishing such points.
–Brinker and Wolf
Surveying is the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.
–JUNY PILAPIL LA PUTT
Is the type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent such that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded.
Plane Surveying
Surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.
Geodetic Surveys
Determine lawful boundaries and areas of properties rather than detailing features of the landscape. They are used in legal disputes, taxation, etc. Also called property surveys or boundary surveys.
Cadastral Surveys
Surveys are conducted in areas in and near a city for planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments, determining physical features and configuration of the land, and preparing maps.
City Surveys
Surveys are undertaken at construction sites to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects, and builders.
Construction Surveys
Surveys are executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.
Forestry Surveys
Involve surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans, and other bodies of water. They are made to map shorelines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams, being of general importance for navigation, development of water supply and resources, flood control, irrigation, production of hydroelectric power, subaqueous constructions, and recreation.
Hydrographic Surveys
Sometimes known as optical tooling, refer to the use of surveying techniques in shipbuilding, construction and assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and in other industries where very accurate dimensional layouts are required.
Industrial surveys
Are performed to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations, calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.
Mine Surveys
Make use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
Photogrammetric Surveys
Involve the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects.
Route Surveys
Are made for determining the shape of the ground, and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it, including natural objects such as hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, and relief of the ground surface, and man-made features such as roads, buildings, ports, towns, municipalities, and bridges.
Topographic Surveys
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