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2.2 BC
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2.2 BC
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1
Question
What is the ionization of water characterized by?
Answer
The ionization of water is characterized by a small degree of ionization to hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
2
Question
How can the ionization of water be described?
Answer
The ionization of water can be described by an equilibrium constant.
3
Question
What happens when weak acids are dissolved in water?
Answer
When weak acids are dissolved in water, they contribute by ionizing and weak bases consume protons by becoming protonated.
4
Question
What is the total hydrogen ion concentration from all sources expressed as?
Answer
The total hydrogen ion concentration from all sources is experimentally measurable and expressed as the pH of the solution.
5
Question
What must be taken into account to predict the state of ionization of solutes in water?
Answer
To predict the state of ionization of solutes in water, the relevant equilibrium constants for each ionization reaction must be taken into account.
6
Question
Is pure water slightly ionized?
Answer
Yes, pure water is slightly ionized.
7
Question
What does the ionization of water yield?
Answer
The ionization of water yields a hydrogen ion (proton) and a hydroxide ion, giving the equilibrium constant Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻].
8
Question
What is hydronium ion formation?
Answer
Hydronium ions formed in water are immediately hydrated to form hydronium ions (H₃O⁺).
9
Question
How does hydrogen bonding affect the hydration of dissociating protons?
Answer
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules makes the hydration of dissociating protons virtually instantaneous.
10
Question
How can the ionization of water be measured?
Answer
The ionization of water can be measured by its electrical conductivity.
11
Question
What does pure water carry as it migrates towards the electrodes?
Answer
Pure water carries electrical current as it migrates towards the cathode and migrates towards the anode.
12
Question
How does the mobility of hydronium and hydroxide ions compare to that of other ions?
Answer
The movement of hydronium and hydroxide ions in the electric field is extremely fast compared to that of other ions.
13
Question
What results from the high ionic mobility of acids?
Answer
As a result of the high ionic mobility of acids, reactions in aqueous solutions are exceptionally fast.
14
Question
What role does proton hopping likely play?
Answer
Proton hopping very likely plays a role in biological proton transfer reactions.
15
Question
What is the equilibrium constant (Kf) for a generalized reaction?
Answer
The equilibrium constant can be defined in terms of the concentrations of reactants A and B and products C and D.
16
Question
What should the concentration terms in an equilibrium constant be expressed as?
Answer
The concentration terms should be the activities or effective concentrations in non-ideal solutions of each species.
17
Question
What is the equilibrium constant for the reversible ionization of water?
Answer
The equilibrium constant for the reversible ionization of water is Kw = 1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴.
18
Question
What is the concentration of water expressed in terms of grams per liter?
Answer
In pure water, the concentration of water is 55.5 g in 1 L.
19
Question
How does the ion product of water relate to pH?
Answer
At neutral pH, the concentrations of H⁺ and OH⁻ are equal.
20
Question
What is a strong base?
Answer
A strong base is one that dissociates completely in solution.
21
Question
What is the calculation of ion product of water?
Answer
The ion product of water can be determined from the electrical conductivity measurements of pure water.
22
Question
What happens at neutral pH in terms of ion concentrations?
Answer
At neutral pH, the concentrations of H⁺ and OH⁻ ions are equal.
23
Question
What is the significance of proton hopping compared to diffusion?
Answer
Proton hopping is much faster than true diffusion and explains the high ionic mobility of ions compared to other monovalent cations.
24
Question
What can be calculated if the equilibrium concentrations of all reactants and products are known?
Answer
If the equilibrium concentrations of all reactants and products are known, the equilibrium constant for a given reaction can be calculated.
25
Question
What is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of water at equilibrium?
Answer
The equilibrium constant for the ionization of water at equilibrium is 1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴.
26
Question
What does the pH scale designate?
Answer
The pH scale designates the concentration of hydrogen ions in any aqueous solution.
27
Question
What is the ion product of water?
Answer
The ion product of water is the basis for the pH scale.
28
Question
What is the expression that defines pH?
Answer
The term pH is defined by the expression: pH = -log[H+].
29
Question
What is the relationship between pH and pOH?
Answer
In all cases, pH + pOH = 14.
30
Question
How is a neutral solution defined in terms of pH?
Answer
A precisely neutral solution has a pH of 7, which is derived from the absolute value of the ion product of water.