2.2 BC
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What is the ionization of water characterized by?
The ionization of water is characterized by a small degree of ionization to hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
How can the ionization of water be described?
The ionization of water can be described by an equilibrium constant.
What happens when weak acids are dissolved in water?
When weak acids are dissolved in water, they contribute by ionizing and weak bases consume protons by becoming protonated.
What is the total hydrogen ion concentration from all sources expressed as?
The total hydrogen ion concentration from all sources is experimentally measurable and expressed as the pH of the solution.
What must be taken into account to predict the state of ionization of solutes in water?
To predict the state of ionization of solutes in water, the relevant equilibrium constants for each ionization reaction must be taken into account.
Is pure water slightly ionized?
Yes, pure water is slightly ionized.
What does the ionization of water yield?
The ionization of water yields a hydrogen ion (proton) and a hydroxide ion, giving the equilibrium constant Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻].
What is hydronium ion formation?
Hydronium ions formed in water are immediately hydrated to form hydronium ions (H₃O⁺).
How does hydrogen bonding affect the hydration of dissociating protons?
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules makes the hydration of dissociating protons virtually instantaneous.
How can the ionization of water be measured?
The ionization of water can be measured by its electrical conductivity.
What does pure water carry as it migrates towards the electrodes?
Pure water carries electrical current as it migrates towards the cathode and migrates towards the anode.
How does the mobility of hydronium and hydroxide ions compare to that of other ions?
The movement of hydronium and hydroxide ions in the electric field is extremely fast compared to that of other ions.
What results from the high ionic mobility of acids?
As a result of the high ionic mobility of acids, reactions in aqueous solutions are exceptionally fast.
What role does proton hopping likely play?
Proton hopping very likely plays a role in biological proton transfer reactions.
What is the equilibrium constant (Kf) for a generalized reaction?
The equilibrium constant can be defined in terms of the concentrations of reactants A and B and products C and D.
What should the concentration terms in an equilibrium constant be expressed as?
The concentration terms should be the activities or effective concentrations in non-ideal solutions of each species.
What is the equilibrium constant for the reversible ionization of water?
The equilibrium constant for the reversible ionization of water is Kw = 1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴.
What is the concentration of water expressed in terms of grams per liter?
In pure water, the concentration of water is 55.5 g in 1 L.
How does the ion product of water relate to pH?
At neutral pH, the concentrations of H⁺ and OH⁻ are equal.
What is a strong base?
A strong base is one that dissociates completely in solution.
What is the calculation of ion product of water?
The ion product of water can be determined from the electrical conductivity measurements of pure water.
What happens at neutral pH in terms of ion concentrations?
At neutral pH, the concentrations of H⁺ and OH⁻ ions are equal.
What is the significance of proton hopping compared to diffusion?
Proton hopping is much faster than true diffusion and explains the high ionic mobility of ions compared to other monovalent cations.
What can be calculated if the equilibrium concentrations of all reactants and products are known?
If the equilibrium concentrations of all reactants and products are known, the equilibrium constant for a given reaction can be calculated.
What is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of water at equilibrium?
The equilibrium constant for the ionization of water at equilibrium is 1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴.
What does the pH scale designate?
The pH scale designates the concentration of hydrogen ions in any aqueous solution.
What is the ion product of water?
The ion product of water is the basis for the pH scale.
What is the expression that defines pH?
The term pH is defined by the expression: pH = -log[H+].
What is the relationship between pH and pOH?
In all cases, pH + pOH = 14.
How is a neutral solution defined in terms of pH?
A precisely neutral solution has a pH of 7, which is derived from the absolute value of the ion product of water.