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What is the Client-Server Model in networking?
A model where client devices request services from servers on a network.
What is the Peer-to-Peer Model in networking?
A model where all devices have equal capabilities and responsibilities.
What is guided media in networking?
Media that uses physical paths for data transmission, such as cables.
What is twisted pair cable in networking media?
Insulated pairs of wires historically used in telephone service and to connect computer devices.
What is coaxial cable in networking media?
Consists of a center wire surrounded by insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire, used by the cable television industry.
What is fiber optic cable in networking media?
Consists of many extremely thin strands of glass or plastic bound together in a sheathing which transmits data.
What is unguided media in networking?
Media that does not rely on physical paths for data transmission, such as wireless communication.
What is free space in networking media?
An example of unguided media, referring to wireless communication through the air.
What are some characteristics of twisted pair cable?
Insulated pairs of wires, historically used in telephone service and to connect computer devices.
What are some characteristics of coaxial cable?
Consists of a center wire surrounded by insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire, used by the cable television industry.
What are some characteristics of fiber optic cable?
Consists of many extremely thin strands of glass or plastic bound together in a sheathing which transmits data.
What is the purpose of twisted pair cable in networking?
To transmit data and connect devices, historically used in telephone service.
What is the purpose of coaxial cable in networking?
To provide a high-speed and reliable connection, commonly used by the cable television industry.
What is the purpose of fiber optic cable in networking?
To transmit data at high speeds over long distances, using thin strands of glass or plastic.
What are the different types of grid computing mentioned in the text?
Computational grids and data grids
In which fields are grid computing applications discussed in the text?
Life sciences, engineering, and commercial industries
How is computer networks categorized by size according to the text?
By size, computer networks are categorized as WAN (Wide Area Network), LAN (Local Area Network), and MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Define WAN (Wide Area Network) according to the text.
Network spread geographically across a country or globe is called WAN (Wide Area Network)
Define LAN (Local Area Network) as per the text.
Network in a small geographic area such as a room, building, or campus is called LAN (Local Area Network)
What is the Peer to Peer Model described in the text?
Computers share equally with one another without having to rely on a central server in the Peer to Peer Model
Describe the characteristics of Twisted Pair Cable according to the text.
Twisted Pair Cable consists of insulated pairs of wires and was historically used in telephone service and to connect computer devices
Explain the structure of Coaxial Cable as mentioned in the text.
Coaxial Cable consists of a center wire surrounded by insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire, and it is used by the cable television industry
What is Fiber Optic Cable made of according to the text?
Fiber Optic Cable is made of many extremely thin strands of glass or plastic bound together in a sheathing, which transmits signals with light beams
How can Fiber Optic Cable be used in terms of data transmission according to the text?
Fiber Optic Cable can be used for voice, data, and video transmission
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ITB SLIDE NOTES_1.pdf Flashcards
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What are some examples of real-time data on customer complaints and network performance?
Online banking for customers, UPS online product tracking system for shipping and delivery
What are some characteristics of strategy related to competitive advantage?
Delivering better performance, charging less for superior products, responding to customers and suppliers in real time
Why is survival important for businesses in industries heavily dependent on technology?
Survival is important as technology dependence impacts all businesses in those industries
What is a major enabling tool for new products, services, and business models?
Information systems and technology
Give an example of an online business model.
Amazon.com, Apple's iTunes, Google's apps store for mobile applications
What is the strategy characteristic of customer and supplier intimacy?
Serving customers well leads to customers returning, which raises revenues and profits. Intimacy with suppliers allows them to provide vital inputs, which lowers costs
Provide an example of customer and supplier intimacy strategy.
High-end hotels using computers to track customer preferences and customize environments, Brandix's information system linking suppliers to contract manufacturers, JCPenney's information system linking sales records to contract manufacturers
What are the consequences of poor decision making due to inaccurate information?
Overproduction or underproduction of goods, misallocation of resources, poor response times, increased costs, loss of customers
Give an example of improved decision making through information systems.
Verizon's web-based digital dashboard providing real-time data on customer complaints, network performance, and line outages
What is Computer Based Information Systems?
A single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information
Pickme’s vehicle reservation system connects drivers and travellers based on location-based services. Which strategy was used in this scenario?
Operational excellence
Why is it needed?
Improvement of efficiency to attain higher profitability Information systems, technology an important tool in achieving greater efficiency and productivity
ITB SLIDE NOTES_1.pdf Flashcards
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What is the definition of Organizational Information Systems (OIS)?
Organizational Information Systems (OIS) are systems designed to provide the information needed to manage an organization effectively, encompassing both manual and computerized systems that assist in decision-making processes by collecting, processing, storing, and distributing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. OIS affects many people throughout a business, not just an individual or the people in a group.
What do Inter-organizational information systems allow organizations to do?
Inter-organizational information systems allow organizations to share information and conduct transactions with other organizations more efficiently. Inter-organizational information systems allow organizations to use computers to transact business among themselves.
What are Global Information Systems (Global IS)?
Global IS are information systems that businesses use when they operate in more than one country, spanning national borders.
How can Information Systems (IS) be classified by organizational structure? List the levels.
Information Systems (IS) can be classified by organizational structure into the following levels: 1. Operational Level-Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) 2. Tactical Level- Management Information Systems (MIS) Decision Support Systems (DSS)Decision Support Systems (DSS) 3. Strategic Level- ESS, Strategic Information Systems (SIS)
Provide examples of IS at each level of organizational structure classification.
1. Operational Level**: Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) - processes routine transactions efficiently, e.g., payroll, order entry, and inventory control systems. 2. Tactical Level**: Management Information Systems (MIS) and Decision-Support Systems (DSS) - support data management, communication, and productivity; used for problem analysis and decision making, e.g., budgeting systems, project management systems, and simple forecasting tools. 3. Strategic Level**: ESS), Strategic Information Systems (SIS);
Describe TPS?
TPS stands for Transaction Processing System. It is a type of information system that collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves the transactions of an organization. TPS is designed to handle a large volume of routine, repetitive transactions. It ensures accuracy, consistency, and speed in processing these transactions to facilitate the basic operations of a business.
How can Information Systems (IS) be classified by major functions?
Information Systems (IS) can be classified by major functions into the following categories: 1. Human resource systems 2. Production and manufacturing 3.Finance and accounting 4. Sales and marketing
How can Information Systems (IS) be classified by the support they provide?
IS can be classified by the support they provide as Support Systems, Office Systems, and Functional Business Systems.
ITB SLIDE NOTES_1.pdf Flashcards
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What do Information Systems transform data into?
Useful information
What are the characteristics of valuable information?
Accessible, accurate, complete, economical, flexible and relevant
What is garbage in, and out (GIGO)?
Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) is a concept in computing and information systems that suggests that the quality of output is determined by the quality of the input; if flawed or erroneous data is entered into a system, the resulting output will also be flawed or erroneous.
What do you mean by that, infomation should be complete?
Information should be complete means that the data or details provided are sufficient to understand the topic comprehensively and make informed decisions. -An investment report without cost is not complete
Why information should be consider as flexible?
From the sales rep to financial executive in the organization should be able to analyze i and identify the content.
What is the goal of Enterprise Systems?
To support the business processes of an organization across functional boundaries.
Name the main elements of Enterprise Systems.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP).
What is the purpose of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems?
To integrate information systems containing customer data for better service.
List features and functionalities of CRM
1. Contact Management 2. Sales Data, Forecasting and analytics 3. Lead Management 4. Reports and Dashboards 5. Email Integration 6. Workflow/Marketing Automation 7. Customer Support 8. Marketing Automation 9. Artificial Intelligence 10. Mobile CRM 11. Campaign Management
ITB SLIDE NOTES_1.pdf Flashcards
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What does ERP stand for?
Enterprise Resource Planning
How ERP integrates customers and suppliers?
ERP integrates customers and suppliers by providing a unified platform to manage all data and processes related to them. It improves collaboration and visibility, streamlines transactions, and enhances supply chain efficiency by integrating functions such as order tracking, inventory management, purchasing, and customer relationship management (CRM) within a single system. Eg- Customer (Sales/Services) Suppliers (Finance, manufacturing, inventory and HR) handles by CRM.
What are the functions available in ERP System?
The functions available in an ERP system typically include finance and accounting, human resources, manufacturing and supply chain management, sales and marketing, inventory and order management, Purchase management, CRM,
What is supply chain management?
All activities involved with obtaining items from a supplier, including procurement and inbound logistics like transportation and warehousing before the item is used.
Write the information flow for Supply chain management
Supplier->Factory->DC->RDC->Retailer->Customer
Advantage of supply chain management.
Improves delivery performance, Reduces purchasing and material cost, Increases volume flexibility, Minimizes supplier risk, and Boost market responsiveness.
Features of SCM
Supplier Management, Distributed order management, warehouse management, transportation management, demand management
What is operations information system?
An operations information system (OIS) collects, stores, processes, and distributes information needed for effective management of business operations. Those systems are often critical to the success of business since their efficiency directly affects customer experience, profitability and cash flow.
What includes in Operation Information Systems?
TPS for managing transactions such as customer orders, supplier purchases and payments Office automation systems which enable office workers to collaborate on administration and customer services
Define TPS
TPS perform the frequent routine external and internal transactions that serve the operational level of the organization
Examples for TPS?
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) examples include payroll systems, order processing systems, reservation systems, and point of sale systems. * Customer placing orders for products and services from a company, such as making a holiday booking. • A company placing orders with a supplier for components from which to make its products. • Payment for goods and services received by a third party.
ITB SLIDE NOTES_1.pdf Flashcards
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What is e-collaboration?
The use of technology to support work activities with integrated collaboration environments, knowledge management, social networking, learning tools, and informal collaboration.
What are the key components of e-collaboration?
1. Work activities with integrated collaboration environments 2. Knowledge management with knowledge management systems 3. Social networking with social networking systems 4. Learning with e-learning tools 5. Informal collaboration to support open source information.
What is informal collaboration?
Informal collaboration tools focus on informal groups of people getting together to create, edit, change, and eliminate content. It often involves open source information.
What is a Wiki in the context of collaboration tools?
A Wiki allows anyone to create, edit, change, and often eliminate content. It enables the creation of open-source information that is publicly available, free of charge, and updateable by anyone.
Examples for Informal collaboration in IS
1. Instant Messaging 2. Social Media 3. Ad hoc meetings 4. Email exchanges 5. Collaboration tools (like Slack or Microsoft Teams)
What is a Decision support system?
A Decision Support System (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. It analyzes large amounts of data and presents an organization with the best possible options available. DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance.
ITB SLIDE NOTES_1.pdf Flashcards
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Who interacts with a system typically through an interface to extract some functional benefit?
User
What are Direct Users in Information Systems?
Users who use the system directly by inputting data and receiving output
Give an example of a Direct User.
A person using spreadsheet software to do financial projections
What are Indirect Users in Information Systems?
Users who receive system output outside their control
Give an example of an Indirect User.
A sales manager who receives periodic printed sales reports
What are the characteristics of Direct Users in Information Systems?
Active participation, Control, Output reception directly from the system
What are the characteristics of Indirect Users in Information Systems?
Passive recipients, Output consumption without direct interaction with the system
What is a Policy?
A guideline for specific activities, outlining rules, rights, and responsibilities within an organization or agreement
What does a Policy explain?
Purpose, execution, and enforcement responsibility (e.g., Password Policy)
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What is a Primary Key?
A minimal set of attributes which uniquely identifies an entity in an entity set.
What is a Foreign Key?
When a primary key of a particular table appears as an attribute of another table for linking purposes.
What are some attributes of the Entity Student?
SID, Sname, DoB, NIC, Address, Contact, Gender
What are the candidate keys for the Entity Student?
Primary key, Attributes
What are some attributes of the Entity Module?
Module code, Module name, Module leader, Year, Semester
What are the candidate keys for the Entity Module?
Primary key, Attributes
Entity
A thing in the real world with an independent existence
Attribute
Attributes are the properties that describe entities
Relationship
A relationship is an association among two or more entities
Table
Where the information about entities are stored in a structured way
Primary Key
A minimal set of attributes which uniquely identifies an entity in an entity set
Foreign Key
When a primary key of a particular table appears as an attribute of another table for linking purposes
Attributes of Entity Student
SID, Sname, DoB, NIC, Address, Contact, Gender
Attributes of Entity Module
Module code, Module name, Module leader, Year, Semester
ITB SLIDE NOTES_1.pdf Flashcards
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What is a Computer Network?
Two or more computers or communications devices connected by transmission media and channels and guided by a set of rules for communication purposes that allow users to communicate with each other and share applications and data.
What are the components of a Computer Network?
Hardware (Dongles, Routers, Switches, Network cards, Media - Guided and Unguided) and Software (Network OS, Device drivers, Network Design - Logical layout, Physical layout)
ITB SLIDE NOTES_1.pdf Flashcards
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What are some factors that can degrade the quality of the signal in unguided media?
Other wireless devices, electrical equipment, and natural phenomena
Why is unguided media more vulnerable to eavesdropping and interception compared to guided media?
Signals are transmitted over the air, where they can be intercepted by anyone with the appropriate equipment
How is the range of unguided media limited?
The range is limited by the power of the transmitter and the sensitivity of the receiver. Repeaters or amplifiers may be needed to extend the range in some cases.
What are the advantages of unguided media in networking?
Suitable for applications where the physical layout of the network may change frequently, cost effectiveness, versatility
What are the disadvantages of unguided media in networking?
Interference, security, limited range
Why is unguided media considered cost-effective compared to guided media for short-range communication?
There is no need to install and maintain physical cables or wires, making it more cost-effective for short-range and point-to-point communication
What makes unguided media versatile for many applications?
It can be used with a variety of wireless devices, making it a versatile option for many applications
What is one disadvantage of unguided media being susceptible to interference?
It can degrade the quality of the signal and make it difficult to transmit data reliably
How is unguided media more vulnerable to security threats compared to guided media?
Unguided media is more vulnerable to eavesdropping and interception because signals are transmitted over the air, where they can be intercepted by anyone with the appropriate equipment
What limits the range of unguided media in networking?
The range of unguided media is limited by the power of the transmitter and the sensitivity of the receiver. In some cases, repeaters or amplifiers may be necessary to extend the range of the signal
ITB SLIDE NOTES_1.pdf Flashcards
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What is an email policy?
A set of rules that an organization requires its users to follow when using their business email address
What are some components of an email policy?
Security measures, steps to safeguard against cyber threats, user responsibilities, policy enforcement
Why is compliance with an email policy important?
To ensure security, protect against cyber threats, and maintain the organization's reputation
What does policy enforcement in an email policy involve?
Describing disciplinary actions for policy violations
How often must members of an organization comply with the guidelines outlined in the email policy?
Every time they send an email from their corporate email address
What factors can influence the specific terms and conditions of an email policy?
The organization's business type and location
ITB SLIDE NOTES_1.pdf Flashcards
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What are the two scenarios for indirect users receiving system output?
Automated Mechanism and Process Initiated by Direct User
What is an example of an indirect user scenario with Automated Mechanism?
Receiving output from an automated process within the IS, like reports generated automatically
What is an example of an indirect user scenario with Process Initiated by Direct User?
Receiving output from a process initiated by a direct user, like a manager requesting a report for analysis
What are the characteristics of indirect users?
Passive recipients and Output consumption
How do indirect users interact with the system?
They don't actively interact with the system
