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PT1015-1ST-SHIFTING-REVIEWER.pdf Flashcards
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PT1015-1ST-SHIFTING-REVIEWER.pdf Flashcards
PT1015-1ST-SHIFTING-REVIEWER.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What is bone described as in terms of its composition?
Answer
Bone is a highly vascular form of connective tissue consisting of collagen, calcium phosphate, water, amorphous proteins, and cells.
2
Question
What are the three shapes of bones?
Answer
The three shapes of bones are: 1. Flat (e.g., scapula) 2. Cuboidal (e.g., vertebra) 3. Long (e.g., femur, tibia)
3
Question
What are the components of long bones?
Answer
Components of long bones include: 1. Medullary canal 2. Endosteum 3. Cortex (shaft composed of compact bone with Haversian system) 4. Periosteum (outer fibrous covering)
4
Question
What are the ends of long bones called?
Answer
The ends of long bones are called: 1. Metaphysis 2. Epiphysis.
5
Question
What are the two types of bone histology mentioned?
Answer
The two types of bone histology mentioned are lamellar and woven.
6
Question
Describe lamellar bone architecture.
Answer
Lamellar bone architecture consists of fine alternating layers.
7
Question
What is woven bone characterized by?
Answer
Woven bone is characterized by a complex pattern of interconnected elements and is considered immature and not stress-oriented.
8
Question
What are the characteristics of cortical bone?
Answer
Cortical bone is strong and its structure is oriented along lines of stress.
9
Question
What is cancellous bone and how does it compare to cortical bone?
Answer
Cancellous bone is more elastic than cortical bone.
10
Question
What is the role of prostaglandins in bone physiology?
Answer
Prostaglandins activate adenylyl cyclase and stimulate bone resorption.
11
Question
What are the properties of estrogen in relation to bone?
Answer
Estrogen has anabolic and anticatabolic properties.
12
Question
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Answer
Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption.
13
Question
What is the role of calcitonin in bone metabolism?
Answer
Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast function.
14
Question
What is the organic component of bone matrix and what percentage does it constitute?
Answer
The organic components of bone matrix make up 40% of the dry weight of bone, primarily composed of collagen (90% of the organic matrix) which provides tensile strength.
15
Question
What are the inorganic components of bone matrix and their significance?
Answer
The inorganic components make up 60% of the dry weight of bone, primarily calcium in the form of Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), which is critical for bone strength.
16
Question
What is periosteum and its significance?
Answer
The periosteum is a connective tissue membrane that covers the bone, highly developed in children, and has two parts: the cambium layer (inner periosteum) and the fibrous layer (outer periosteum).
17
Question
What is found in the cambium layer of the periosteum?
Answer
The cambium layer of the periosteum contains loose and vascular connective tissue with cells capable of becoming osteoblasts, which enlarge the diameter of bone during growth and form periosteal callus during fracture healing.
18
Question
What types of bone marrow are mentioned?
Answer
Red marrow is mentioned as a type of bone marrow.
19
Question
What occurs in the proliferative zone of bone growth?
Answer
In the proliferative zone, growth is longitudinal with stacking of chondrocytes, cellular proliferation, and matrix production; increased oxygen tension and increased proteoglycans inhibit calcification.
20
Question
What disease is associated with the proliferative zone?
Answer
Gigantism and achondroplasia are diseases associated with the proliferative zone.
21
Question
What occurs in the hypertrophic zone of bone growth?
Answer
The hypertrophic zone is divided into three areas: maturation, degeneration, and provisional calcification, where normal matrix mineralization occurs, chondrocytes increase in size, accumulate calcium, die, and release calcium from matrix vesicles.
22
Question
What happens to osteoblasts in the hypertrophic zone?
Answer
Osteoblasts migrate from sinusoidal vessels and use cartilage as scaffolding for bone formation.
23
Question
What example disease is associated with the hypertrophic zone?
Answer
The example disease associated with the hypertrophic zone is rickets.
24
Question
What are the main topics covered in the outline of elbow affectations?
Answer
1. Review of anatomy of the elbow 2. Fracture and dislocation in the elbow region 3. Biceps and Triceps tendonitis and rupture 4. Medial and lateral epicondylitis 5. Olecranon bursitis 6. Olecranon impingement syndrome 7. Nursemaid's elbow 8. Volkmann's ischemic contracture 9. Cubital tunnel syndrome.
25
Question
Describe the anatomy of the elbow complex.
Answer
The elbow complex is a strong and stable compound joint, articulating the distal humerus to the proximal radius and ulna. The ulna fits into the humerus in a hinge manner, allowing the hands to move toward the body. The elbow is subjected to wear and tear, and its stability allows for little compensatory adjustments, making it prone to overuse injuries. Its primary function, together with the shoulder, is to position the hand for functional activity.
26
Question
What is the most important ligament of the elbow and its role?
Answer
The most important ligament of the elbow is the anterior bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament. It provides stability against valgus stress and is the strongest and stiffest of the elbow collateral ligaments.
27
Question
What is the role of the transverse bundle (Cooper's ligament) in elbow stability?
Answer
The transverse bundle, also called Cooper's ligament, has the least role in stability since it originates and inserts in the ulna.
28
Question
What are the functions of the radial or lateral collateral ligament and the annular ligament?
Answer
The radial or lateral collateral ligament prevents varus movement, while the annular ligament connects the head of the radius to the ulna, ensuring that during pronation and supination, the head does not leave its position.
29
Question
What are the three layers of muscles associated with the medial epicondyle?
Answer
1. 1st layer: Superficial wrist and finger flexor pronators (Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris) 2. 2nd layer: Intermediate (Flexor Digitorum Superficialis) 3. 3rd layer: Deep (Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollicis Longus, Pronator Quadratus).
30
Question
What are the characteristics of intercondylar fractures?
Answer
Intercondylar fractures are the most common distal humeral fracture in adults, often featuring comminution (more than 3 fragments) and occurring when force is directed against the posterior aspect of an elbow flexed at 90 degrees.