PT1015-1ST-SHIFTING-REVIEWER.pdf Flashcards
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PT1015-1ST-SHIFTING-REVIEWER.pdf Flashcards
PT1015-1ST-SHIFTING-REVIEWER.pdf Flashcards
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What is bone described as in terms of its composition?
Bone is a highly vascular form of connective tissue consisting of collagen, calcium phosphate, water, amorphous proteins, and cells.
What are the three shapes of bones?
The three shapes of bones are: 1. Flat (e.g., scapula) 2. Cuboidal (e.g., vertebra) 3. Long (e.g., femur, tibia)
What are the components of long bones?
Components of long bones include: 1. Medullary canal 2. Endosteum 3. Cortex (shaft composed of compact bone with Haversian system) 4. Periosteum (outer fibrous covering)
What are the ends of long bones called?
The ends of long bones are called: 1. Metaphysis 2. Epiphysis.
What are the two types of bone histology mentioned?
The two types of bone histology mentioned are lamellar and woven.
Describe lamellar bone architecture.
Lamellar bone architecture consists of fine alternating layers.
What is woven bone characterized by?
Woven bone is characterized by a complex pattern of interconnected elements and is considered immature and not stress-oriented.
What are the characteristics of cortical bone?
Cortical bone is strong and its structure is oriented along lines of stress.
What is cancellous bone and how does it compare to cortical bone?
Cancellous bone is more elastic than cortical bone.
What is the role of prostaglandins in bone physiology?
Prostaglandins activate adenylyl cyclase and stimulate bone resorption.
What are the properties of estrogen in relation to bone?
Estrogen has anabolic and anticatabolic properties.
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption.
What is the role of calcitonin in bone metabolism?
Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast function.
What is the organic component of bone matrix and what percentage does it constitute?
The organic components of bone matrix make up 40% of the dry weight of bone, primarily composed of collagen (90% of the organic matrix) which provides tensile strength.
What are the inorganic components of bone matrix and their significance?
The inorganic components make up 60% of the dry weight of bone, primarily calcium in the form of Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), which is critical for bone strength.
What is periosteum and its significance?
The periosteum is a connective tissue membrane that covers the bone, highly developed in children, and has two parts: the cambium layer (inner periosteum) and the fibrous layer (outer periosteum).
What is found in the cambium layer of the periosteum?
The cambium layer of the periosteum contains loose and vascular connective tissue with cells capable of becoming osteoblasts, which enlarge the diameter of bone during growth and form periosteal callus during fracture healing.
What types of bone marrow are mentioned?
Red marrow is mentioned as a type of bone marrow.
What occurs in the proliferative zone of bone growth?
In the proliferative zone, growth is longitudinal with stacking of chondrocytes, cellular proliferation, and matrix production; increased oxygen tension and increased proteoglycans inhibit calcification.
What disease is associated with the proliferative zone?
Gigantism and achondroplasia are diseases associated with the proliferative zone.
What occurs in the hypertrophic zone of bone growth?
The hypertrophic zone is divided into three areas: maturation, degeneration, and provisional calcification, where normal matrix mineralization occurs, chondrocytes increase in size, accumulate calcium, die, and release calcium from matrix vesicles.
What happens to osteoblasts in the hypertrophic zone?
Osteoblasts migrate from sinusoidal vessels and use cartilage as scaffolding for bone formation.
What example disease is associated with the hypertrophic zone?
The example disease associated with the hypertrophic zone is rickets.
What are the main topics covered in the outline of elbow affectations?
1. Review of anatomy of the elbow 2. Fracture and dislocation in the elbow region 3. Biceps and Triceps tendonitis and rupture 4. Medial and lateral epicondylitis 5. Olecranon bursitis 6. Olecranon impingement syndrome 7. Nursemaid's elbow 8. Volkmann's ischemic contracture 9. Cubital tunnel syndrome.
Describe the anatomy of the elbow complex.
The elbow complex is a strong and stable compound joint, articulating the distal humerus to the proximal radius and ulna. The ulna fits into the humerus in a hinge manner, allowing the hands to move toward the body. The elbow is subjected to wear and tear, and its stability allows for little compensatory adjustments, making it prone to overuse injuries. Its primary function, together with the shoulder, is to position the hand for functional activity.
What is the most important ligament of the elbow and its role?
The most important ligament of the elbow is the anterior bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament. It provides stability against valgus stress and is the strongest and stiffest of the elbow collateral ligaments.
What is the role of the transverse bundle (Cooper's ligament) in elbow stability?
The transverse bundle, also called Cooper's ligament, has the least role in stability since it originates and inserts in the ulna.
What are the functions of the radial or lateral collateral ligament and the annular ligament?
The radial or lateral collateral ligament prevents varus movement, while the annular ligament connects the head of the radius to the ulna, ensuring that during pronation and supination, the head does not leave its position.
What are the three layers of muscles associated with the medial epicondyle?
1. 1st layer: Superficial wrist and finger flexor pronators (Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris) 2. 2nd layer: Intermediate (Flexor Digitorum Superficialis) 3. 3rd layer: Deep (Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollicis Longus, Pronator Quadratus).
What are the characteristics of intercondylar fractures?
Intercondylar fractures are the most common distal humeral fracture in adults, often featuring comminution (more than 3 fragments) and occurring when force is directed against the posterior aspect of an elbow flexed at 90 degrees.